What Is Andragogy and Its Effects on Today’s Design of Learning for Adults Essay Example for Free

What Is Andragogy and Its Effects on Today’s Design of Learning for Adults Essay Education of adults has always been an issue, but there has been very little interest or analysis of adult learning. Adults were thought to be children alike, when it comes to learning; therefore, the only theory was pedagogy in the educational setting. According to Knowles (1980), after the end of World War I, more modern education theories on adults were developed. Thorndike’s, Sorenson’s, and Linderman’s studies showed that adults learn differently than children, also their interests and abilities differ. Those studies affirmed that, in adult education, the curriculum should be built around the student’s interest instead of student adjusting themselves to it (Aderinto, 2006). With the light of these studies, the basis of more recent adult learning theories emerged. Adult learning differs; therefore, the design of learning for adult education should be adjusted to more recent theories. In 1968, Malcolm Knowles proposed andragogy, the adult learning theory to distinguish adult education from children education, pedagogy (Merriam, 2001). Knowles is the father of andragogy and according to him (1980), it means â€Å"the art and science of helping adults learn†. In the second half of the twentieth century, Malcolm Shepherd Knowles was one of the most influential persons in adult education in the US. He was the Executive Director of the Adult Education Association of the United States of America (Smith, 2002). He worked on informal adult education and also developed the first foundations of grounds for adult learning through andragogy. In his twenties, Knowles met Eduard Lindeman, while he was working for the National Youth Administration in Massachusetts, and he became his mentee. Knowles acknowledges that Lindeman’s Meaning of Adult Education was his main source for inspiration and ideas on his own work. Andragogy, in contrast to pedagogy, is developed based on the needs of adults, and presents a number of learner-focused methods and principles which are particularly valuable in adult education and training (Guilbaud and Bonnie, 2008). The pedagogical and andragogical assumptions are lightly different. In a pedagogical model, it is necessary to direct students on what they will learn. Instructors should be directive and provide all the essential information to the students. Pre-adults are not self-motivated; the instructor should lead the time management and require close supervision. On the other hand, adults are self-directed and ready to take on responsibility, and they come with experience and are willing to transform the information into an application. They are goal-oriented and want to be active rather than passive students. It is important to know why they are learning, instead of just getting the necessary information. These are the reasons why, when teaching adults, different theories and models should be taken into consideration other than pre-adult learning theories. There are some learning theories related to andragogy. Experiential learning theory, is involved with the material being studied, students expected to learn by doing it. In this learning theory, participants are expected to use their own experiences and reflections. The information that is learned, involves doing something and discovering it; therefore, it is effective as it addresses the cognitive, emotional, and the physical aspect of the learner. On the other hand, self-directed learning theory is an example of informal learning, in which individuals are expected to define their own goals and set their needs accordingly, and find their own motivation to achieve these goals. Self-directed learning can be integrated with daily routines. The transformative learning theory is considered to be a constructivist theory, and it is influenced by Jack Mezirow’s work. Transformative learning is to help adults understand their experiences. These theories, combined with characteristics of adult learners and assumptions of andragogy, should be applied to the design of adult learning. Adults want to be involved in the learning activities; therefore, the instructors should guide them to their own knowledge rather than stating the facts. Adults have significant life experience and knowledge that are gained from family and work responsibilities, and previous education. They tend to use this information, so the instructors should draw these parts out to help the participant to connect the information. Adults are goal-oriented; they usually know why they are enrolling a course from the beginning, and it is important to lay out how the course will help them achieve their goals in an early stage. They need to know, why they are learning something and it has to be an applicable information to be valuable, the instructor can obtain this by letting them choose projects that can reflect their interests. Adults usually are not interested in the knowledge itself, but how it will be useful for them. They all expect respect, so it is important to let them express their own opinions freely in class. Andragogy also has many critiques from adult education professionals. Jarvis claims, that even though andragogy is in a dominant position, there is no sufficient evidence to support its status, and a more recent research by Merriam states (2001), that andragogy is one of the pillars of adult education; however, the adult education should go beyond andragogy (Henschke, 2011). Since 1970, there have been many researches to prove andragogy as a strong model for adult education. In recent years, Henschke and Cooper identified six sections in andragogy. They are; evolution and history of the concept, comparison of the American and European understandings, popularizing and sustaining the American and global concept, practical applications, and theory, research and the definition of andragogy. In 2007, Isenberg provided a dynamic design to combine the interaction of andragogy and internet learning. It is clear, that andragogy still has much to contribute to the future of adult learning. In the future, the discussions should go beyond Knowles’ version and include the world-wide perspective of other studies. It should be joined with other adult learning theories and continued to be researched (Henschke, 2011). Studies showed that adults learn differently; therefore, the educational environment, such as online education, which is highly used by adult learners, should be designed based on their needs. Characteristics of adult learners and applications of adult learning, such as andragogy combined with other adult learning theories, should be taken into consideration in the design of such learning.

A GROSS FORM OF DELIGHTFUL SATIRE Essays -- essays papers

A GROSS FORM OF DELIGHTFUL SATIRE "The stoical scheme of supplying our wants by lopping off our desires, is like cutting off our feet when we want shoes." -Jonathan Swift "We have just enough religion to make us hate, but not enough to make us love on another." -Jonathan Swift Like all true satirists, Swift was predominantly a moralist, one who chastises the vices and follies of humankind in the name of virtue and common sense. Throughout his writing, Swift constantly raised the question of whether the achievements of civilization-its advancing technology, its institutions, its refinement of manners-cannot be seen as complex forms of barbarism. With this theme in mind, Swift wrote some of his best works: A Modest Proposal, Gulliver’s Travels, and A Tale of a Tub. Although he is mastery at prose, he is also known for his poetry. It can be said that the subjects within his writings could be taken from his religious belief in the non-perfection of man. Swift believed that human reason was necessary to divine guidance. According to Herbert Read, Swift was the first poet who dared to describe nature as it is with all its deformities, and to give exact expression to a turn of thought no matter the subject. And because his life was one long mutiny- mutiny against darkness of fate, the injustice of men, the indignity of our bodily functions-his work is one long scrutiny into dark depths. Therefore, he attacks the idealistic idea of feminine beauty by ironically drawing attention to the female body’s excretory functions. Unfortunately, Swift emphasizes women, despite his deep love and friendship for individual women, as a symbol of man’s bestiality. He victimizes women by his own secret over-idealization of her. This is seen in his poems, The Lady’s Dressing-Room, Strephon and Chloe, and A Beautiful Young Nymph Going to Bed. Swift becomes obsessed by the morbidly physical. The gap between spirit and flesh cannot bridge, for flesh has become uncleansable to him. With Swift being seen by Robert Ellis--quoted by Herbert Read-as having neurasthenia, anything that comes regularly and in routine is liable to become intolerable, it is easier to understand some of his writings. This idea gained him much ridicule from critics because thinkers of his day stressed the essential goodness and rationality of humans. Swift, certainly, shares this i... ...od which he was writing and the subjects that were generally written about. Because his descriptions are so detailed, and the imagery is so deep, Jonathan Swift proves himself as a writer to be studied and admired. Bibliography: WORKS CITED Brown, Laura. â€Å"Reading Race and Gender: Jonathan Swift.† Critical Essays on Jonathan Swift. Ed. Frank Palmeri. New York: G.K. Hall & Co, 1993. 122. Davis, Herbert. â€Å"Swift’s View of Poetry.† Poetry Criticism. Ed. Drew Kalasky. Vol. 9. Detroit: Gale Research Company, 1994. 259 Donoghue, Denis, Ed. Jonathan Swift. Australia: Penguin Books, 1971. 307. Huxley, Aldous. â€Å"Do What You Will.† London: Chatto & Windus, 1956. Johnson, Maurice. â€Å"The Sin of Wit: Jonathan Swift as a Poet.† Literature Criticism from 1400 to 1800. Ed. Dennis Poupard. Vol. 1. New Jersey: Gale Research Company, 1984. 502. Read, Herbert. â€Å"The Poems of Swift.† Literature Criticism from 1400 to 1800. Ed. Dennis Poupard. Vol. 1. New Jersey: Gale Research Company, 1984. 453. Watkins, W.B.C. â€Å"Absent Thee from Felicity.† Literature Criticism from 1400 to 1800. Ed. Dennis Poupard. Vol. 1. New Jersey: Gale Research Company, 1984. 461.

Cuban American education

A Cuban American is a United States citizen who traces his ancestry to Cuba. Many communities in the United States have many people from the Cuba American community. This cultural diversity has brought numerous debates on the nature of education to be offered on these citizens. Most of the Cuban immigrants settled in the St. Augustine, Florida. After the united states claimed Florida from Spain, most of the Cubans were mainstreamed into the American culture. The Cuban revolution led by Fidel Castro necessitated the increase in the number of the immigrants to the US.These immigrants were of different education backgrounds and different professions. Source:http://usinfo. state. gov/scv/history_geography_and_population/population_and_diversity/hispanic_americans. html Cuban American students have for long been considered at risk in the American educational system. A better understanding of the diverse cultural experiences can help to counteract this risk. This understanding, this paper enhances development of the students towards being responsible members of the wider society. The analyses given are based on the students’ background and how it affects their performance in the nation education.Student profiles based on various indicators of academic achievement and school orientation: low-achieving and weakly oriented, (2) low-achieving and strongly oriented, (3) high-achieving and moderately oriented, (4) high achieving and strongly oriented. This analyses show that most of the Cuban American low achievers and this greatly contributed poor quality of the private school which most of this children attend to. The local community cannot be able to collect tax in order to sustain the development of quality education because they are poor and they don’t have property where they can collect tax.(Jeanne, 2004) Most of children coming from the diverse backgrounds in the United States mostly attend the public school, which are able to offer the young learners with the first language skills. The children who speak language other than English come from working class homes. The public schools as such consider the individual needs of the different races within the United States by providing education for the minority of the different cultural backgrounds. Most private school usually use English as the only medium of communication and as such they charge highly.New York’s Lycee Francais uses French extensively; on the other hand Miami’s Loyola school uses Spanish extensively as the medium of communication. This shows that there is a big difference between the public schools and the private school in the United States in vary many divergent ways. This paper endeavors to present a vivid analysis of such trends of education their weaknesses, their strengths in relation the diverse culture. Dade country, Florida comprises the many cities such as Miami and Hialeah and other surrounding areas mostly contain large numbers of Hispanic populations.Most of these Hispanic populations are coming from Cuba and few come from Spain and Mexico. These Hispanic people use Spain as the language as the medium of communication. These schools within this context use Spanish language as the medium] of communication; they basically run by people of the Cuban origin. The schools, which offer such services in this Spanish language, are usually the public schools. The private schools are deemed to be expensive and they are for the elite people. The whole of this region there were two elite schools commonly attended by the Cuban American children whose parents enjoy the upper class status.The public school have been referred as ethic schools meant for the low income earners and in this region most people are very poor and as such they take their children to this public school. Those members of this similar region who enjoy the high economic statuses take their children to the private school basically meant for elite members of the c ommunity. Bilingual education policy has been a unity force in the United States. The children of Cuban American origin receive instructions at school in Spanish, which considered as their first language.The public schools prefer the use of the learners’ first language. This has created linguistic and curriculum disparity within the system of education. For instance the Cuban American children become more proficiency in Spanish than English. This denies Cuban American children a chance to communicate effectively later since the official language for communication in the United States is English. The current shift in terms of the education system is towards the bilingual education policy practice, which has been found to be the most effective way of considering the minority.Here the learners are given an opportunity to study under the many languages. For instance those children from the Spanish origin are allowed to study using Spanish and English. The English in this context is taught as the second language. The United States federal government supports such program of bilingual education, which is aimed at promoting equity and unity among the citizens. However it is factual that the bilingual education system has also created structures that perpetuate social and political divisions.In addition the bilingual education policy has been known as the major hindrance to the development of the English language. The first and second languages can be developed simultaneously in such public school setting. Despite the reforms, children and the teachers have not changed their behavior of cultural identity. The changes have not been implemented especially from the part of teachers and the communities. The inability to speak and understand English has denied most the native speakers national opportunities denying them a chance to participate actively in the education issues of national nature.The curriculum design has such is not uniform at all since the media of instructions use different divergent languages. In terms of curriculum there are different texts, teachers for students who use a different language than English. It was argued that there is no equality at all by providing students with the same facilities, textbooks, teachers and curriculum for students who do not understand English since they are bound to find their classroom lessons quite incomprehensible. This is considered imposition of rules that cannot assist an individual.The English basic skills are important in these public skills so as to equip the learner with necessary skills that can enhance national participation. But because the children cannot learn in a language they do not understand the first language should the initial medium of instruction and then English should be used as a second language. Education has the net effect of creating a better global economy, those who have done in the 21st century well. From this fundamental fact, 21st century is dependent on sc ience and technology that is why education is taking a new shift in the United States of America.The following are some of the indicators of the disparities experienced in the Cuban American education system. Inequity in School Financing School financing comes from three sources: Federal, state, and local funds (with most funds coming from states). Education has the largest expenditure in the state budget. Whether it is more expensive to educate Cuban Americans is not an issue for debate the issue is that the areas where Cuban American children reside are usually low-wealth areas that generate less funding from property taxes.In most cases, districts have to pass bond referendums to rebuild schools, which are often not supported by the general voting public. Therefore, school districts with concentrations of Cuban American students remain under funded and must seek other means of support. School Segregation and Poverty. Today, Cuban American students are experiencing higher rates of segregation in school systems than are any other group of students. A recent report of the Harvard Project on School Desegregation to the National School Boards Association describes the changing patterns of segregation and poverty.The study found that segregation by race is strongly correlated with segregation by poverty; and the study provides national data demonstrating that Cuban American students are much more likely than white students to be in schools that are segregated and poorly funded. Under representation of Cuban American among School Personnel Most of the administrators and educational policy makers are white who determine the nature of education system to be offered. A study conducted by Meier and Stuart, for instance, showed that Cuban American representation on school boards and in the teaching profession is of a very low number.On a general perspective there are too few Cuban American teachers, counselors, and administrators in the education system. Multicultural Training for School Personnel Teacher insensitivity to cultural and linguistic diversity often influences a student to become alienated from the school system teachers. Bilingual education is the use of two languages, one of which is English, as a means of instruction. This implies that an educator must be Spanish-speaking in order to be a good and effective instructor of Cuban American students. The problem can only be solved if enough teachers who have bilingual skills are recruited into the mainstream.Testing and Assessment. Many Latino students never reach their full potential due to inappropriate and inaccurate uses of testing and assessment. Conclusion It is recognized those generations of Cuban American students in U. S. public education are at risk due to serious inadequacies in the educational system. Thus far, the system has been unable to meet the needs of those students. Among other inequities, there continues to exist a disparity in school funding, a lack of effective B ilingual and ESL education programs, a lack of trained teachers, and a misuse of testing and assessment.The quality of education is always decreasing as time goes by in the Cuban Americans. These multiple factors have greatly contributed to decreasing rates of college attendance by the Cuban American students. This is because the educational structures favor the white and the rich people. Reforming of the public school is one very important way of promoting education of the Cuban American education. Testing and having a uniform curriculum will eventually decrease all these disparities caused by poverty and racial discrimination.Proper methods of funding the federal government should be considered to be the most suitable way of achieving common educational objectives. To address these issues and policy areas, effective educational models must incorporate high-quality standards, equitable financial support, and diverse language and cultural knowledge. Parent and school collaboration m ust be specified in all plans of action. Long-term, strategic plans must be developed through collaborative approaches with the public and private sectors at the local, state, and national level to monitor and to ensure a high standard of educational attainment among Cuban Americans.References Baker C. (2006). Policy and Practice in Bilingual Education: A Reader Extending the Foundations. Multilingual Publishers. Krashen, S. (1996). Under attack: The case against bilingual education. Culver City CA: Language Education Associates. Jeanne S. (2004). The Academic Achievement Challenge Guiford press. State Profiles Bilingual Education States' Bilingual Education status www. proenglish. org/issues/education/beindex. html [Education] Elite Cuban-American school admits black students www. uscsca. org/caaef. htm http://usinfo. state. gov/scv/history_geography_and_population/population_and_diversity/hispanic_americans. html

Transgender Essay - 2111 Words

Is a person born wanting to be a different sex, or does it just happen? Does someone wake up one day and say, â€Å"I think I want to change my sex†? Some people believe that it just happens, that one day a person just does not want to be the sex that they were born. Others say that a person is born with those feelings and that they just develop over time. Some say that they don’t act on those feelings during adolescence because of the stigma attached to being transgender, and the fact that kids are cruel. The fact that they don’t act on the feelings until later in their lives is the reason why some say that wanting to be a different sex just happens. Personally, I believe that a person is born knowing that they were born the wrong sex and that†¦show more content†¦When he was a teenager, he would wear makeup to school as well, and the same things happened. Also, other kids would make fun of him. He bought himself â€Å"chicken cutlets† to make it seem like he had breasts. When his younger brother ruined them and called him a freak, he ran crying into his room. His mother chased after him and told him about water-proof mascara and she told him she’d buy him new ones. She supported him and he knew since he was a little boy that he wasn’t born the right sex. (A Girl Like Me). The main reason why people think that people just choose one day to want to be a different sex is because they don’t seem to feel that way when they are younger. It is obvious that people feel that way when they are young kids, but they just don’t act on the feelings. Why? They are afraid of being ridiculed. In the movie, kids would make fun of him for dressing and acting like a girl. He meets a group of people and starts to like one of the guys. That guy found out about â€Å"her† male genitalia, and then Gwen was murdered. (A Girl Like Me). This is why they don’t act on their feelings when they are younger, beca use they are afraid. Our society is, however, very harsh on gender-variant people. Some transgender people have lost their families, their jobs, their homes and their support. Transgender children may be subject to abuse at home, at school or in their communities. A lifetime of this can be very challenging and can sometimesShow MoreRelatedTransgender1370 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Transgender/Transsexual Olivia Warehime Tarleton State University ABSTRACT A transgender is someone that believes that their gender does not match their anatomy that they were born with. Transgender believes that they’re in someone else’s body. For example someone that was born a male believes he’s a female and vice versa. Keyword: heterosexism, LGBT, Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Prevention Why are people transgender? ACN, S. (2011, February 27). Health experts believe that beingRead MoreTransgender Prisoners And Transgender Inmates Essay1186 Words   |  5 PagesAmongst the inmates mistreated, transgender prisoners are challenged in many ways with abuse, misconduct, and discrimination. Transgender individuals are people who do not identify themselves with the gender that was assigned at birth. The high-risk profile of being a transgender inmate in prison strikes for deep concern and something needs to be done. II. Purpose of paper Prison personnel have not been doing much to secure the safety and well-being of transgender inmates. Some even engage in theRead MoreTransgender Bedrooms And Transgender Bathrooms1028 Words   |  5 PagesTransgender Bathrooms Throughout the years, views of life have changed. Our laws have become more strict. Now they are trying to pass the transgender bathroom law.Why would this law need to pass? What people will it help? If the law does pass it isn’t going for very long, and it isn’t going to be a good thing. What do other people think about this law. If people really want the transgender bathroom law to pass, just maybe this will change that. Transgender bathrooms are dull and unsafe. What kindRead MoreTransgenders2381 Words   |  10 PagesDEFINITIONS According to Hagg and Fellows (2007:4), sex generally refers to anatomy and biology such as male or female, whereas gender refers to the qualities and behaviours society expects from a boy or girl, a man or woman. The definition of transgender refers to a person having no identification with, or no presentation as, the gender one was assigned at birth (Hagg and Fellows 2007:4). The definition of transsexual in Hagg and Fellows (2007:4) refers to a person who had undergone a sex changeRead MoreTransgender Rebuttal : On Being Transgender794 Words   |  4 PagesTransgender Rebuttal: Hello there, I’m James Warmbier. I have to disagree with your sectionalism essay on being transgender. I disagree with this because transgender people are human beings just like us. They should not be judged for what they do with their bodies. In my opinion, it’s just another form of racism. And this country has way too much of that already. Unfortunately, in your life, there will be a lot of things that creep you out. Just because something ‘creeps you out’, doesn’t meanRead MoreTransgender Orientation : The Transgender Community Essay1854 Words   |  8 PagesThis Way There are many children throughout the United States that identify themselves as transgender. According to Webster’s Dictionary, the definition of transgender is (n.d.) â€Å"of, relating to, or being a person (as a transsexual or transvestite) who identifies with or expresses a gender identity that differs from the one which corresponds to the person’s sex at birth† (sect. Definition of transgender). Basically, that definition translates to a person being born one gender, but identifyingRead MoreTransgender People Are Not Strangers To Society. Transgender948 Words   |  4 Pages Transgender people are not strangers to society. Transgender people have been around for thousands of years. Throughout the years, transgender people are getting more and more discriminated. Providing transgender people with discrimination protection is exceedingly important. Transgender people have the same right to feel comfortable just as cisgender, one who’s gender corresponds with his or her biological sex, people do. Transgender discrimination has been on the rise for many years, causingRead MoreThe Transgender Bathroom Policy For Transgender Students Essay1778 Words   |  8 Pagesvarious states because of the presidents judgement. The transgender bathroom policy allows transgender students to use the bathroom they identify as and not by the sex on their birth certificate (Fox News, 2016). The transgender bathroom policy has both successes and failure to ensure safety for transgender students resulting to its change being for not only trans-gender. Gender neutral bathrooms allows safety for those who are not only transgender, but also a part of the LGBTQ community, etc. but itRead MoreThe Transgender Community1071 Words   |  5 PagesThe transgender community should have the right to use the restroom of the gender they identity with or have an alternate choice, some people many agree that is would be a dangerous liability, but some people may even agree to proving gender neutral restrooms. In dangerous of a person of the opposite sex using the restroom they prefer are very obvious, but is every person out to cause dangerous to other people in the restroom. Some people’s gender evolves differently, and might not fit rigid traditionalRead MoreHistory of Transgender9448 Words   |  38 PagesA time-line of transgender identities.  © 1999 Drs. Arianne van der Ven Contents Summery 2 Introduction: The development of gender as we know it How does history relate to us? 3 From a one-gender system to a two-gender system, and on to ‘third sex’ categories. 3 Some specifics of gender transitions. 5 Part I: Sexology begins. Transgender Identities before the 19th century 7 The early 19th century: Enters forensic psychiatry 7 The